刚性支出指的是在一定时期内，无论收入或价格水平如何变化，个人或家庭都必须支付的一定数量的费用。这些费用通常包括房租、房贷、水电费、医疗保健费用、教育费用等。由于这些费用是必须支付的，因此它们不受收入或价格水平的影响，是刚性支出。

在制定预算时，刚性支出是必须首先考虑的因素。如果一个家庭没有足够的储蓄来支付这些费用，他们可能需要利用贷款或其他融资方式来填补缺口。长期而言，如果家庭无法控制或减少刚性支出，可能会导致财务压力和债务问题。

在经济学中，刚性支出可以被视为需求曲线的一部分。在市场均衡条件下，需求曲线反映了消费者在不同价格水平上愿意并能够购买的商品或服务的数量。对于刚性支出，无论价格如何变化，消费者都需要购买一定数量的商品或服务来满足其基本需求。因此，刚性支出是需求曲线的一个固定点。

此外，政府政策也可能会影响刚性支出。例如，政府可能会通过提供住房补贴、医疗保健补贴等措施来帮助家庭应对高昂的刚性支出。这些政策旨在减轻家庭的经济负担，并确保所有人都能获得基本的生活保障。

总之，刚性支出是一个非常重要的经济概念，它对于家庭和个人的财务规划和政府的政策制定都具有重要意义。了解和控制刚性支出可以帮助人们更好地管理自己的财务状况，避免不必要的经济压力和债务问题。

英文版：

What does "rigid expenditure" mean?

Rigid expenditure refers to the fixed amount of expenses that individuals or households must pay within a certain period of time, regardless of changes in income or price levels. These expenses typically include rent or mortgage payments, utility bills, healthcare costs, education expenses, etc. Because these expenses are mandatory and must be paid, they are not affected by income or price levels, making them rigid expenditure.

When creating a budget, rigid expenditure is the first factor that must be considered. If a family does not have enough savings to cover these expenses, they may need to use loans or other financing options to bridge the gap. Over the long term, if families are unable to control or reduce rigid expenditure, it can lead to financial stress and debt problems.

In economics, rigid expenditure can be viewed as part of the demand curve. In market equilibrium, the demand curve reflects the quantity of goods or services that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different price levels. For rigid expenditure, consumers need to purchase a certain quantity of goods or services to meet their basic needs, regardless of price changes. Therefore, rigid expenditure represents a fixed point on the demand curve.

Additionally, government policies can also influence rigid expenditure. For example, the government may provide housing subsidies, healthcare subsidies, etc. to help families cope with high rigid expenditure. These policies aim to alleviate the economic burden on families and ensure that everyone has access to basic living standards.

In summary, rigid expenditure is a crucial economic concept that is important for both family and individual financial planning and government policy development. Understanding and controlling rigid expenditure can help people better manage their financial situation and avoid unnecessary economic stress and debt problems.