关税包括什么？

中文版：

关税是指国家为了维护本国经济利益，对进出口商品所征收的税。关税的种类繁多，主要包括进口关税、出口关税和过境关税。

进口关税是指对进口商品征收的税，其目的是为了保护国内产业，调整贸易结构，以及增加国家财政收入。进口关税的税率根据商品的种类、来源国、数量等因素而定，不同商品的税率各不相同。

出口关税是指对出口商品征收的税，其目的是为了防止本国资源流失，调整出口贸易结构，以及维护国内市场稳定。出口关税的税率也根据不同商品的种类、出口量等因素而有所不同。

过境关税是指对经过本国境内但不属于进出口的商品征收的税。过境关税的征收通常是为了补偿因过境运输而给国家带来的经济成本，以及保护国内相关产业。

关税的征收对国际贸易有着重要的影响。适当的关税可以保护国内产业，促进贸易平衡，但过高的关税也可能导致贸易壁垒，阻碍国际贸易的发展。因此，各国在制定关税政策时需要权衡各种因素，以达到促进经济发展的目的。

英文版：

What Does Tariff Include?

Tariff refers to taxes levied on imported and exported goods by a country to safeguard its economic interests. There are various types of tariffs, including import tariffs, export tariffs, and transit tariffs.

Import tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, aimed at protecting domestic industries, adjusting trade structures, and increasing national revenue. The tariff rates for imported goods vary depending on the type of commodity, the country of origin, quantity, and other factors.

Export tariffs are taxes imposed on exported goods, intended to prevent the loss of domestic resources, adjust export trade structures, and maintain domestic market stability. The tariff rates for exported goods also differ based on the type of commodity, export volume, and other considerations.

Transit tariffs are taxes imposed on goods that pass through a country's territory but are not imported or exported. Transit tariffs are usually levied to compensate for the economic costs incurred by the country due to transit transportation and to protect domestic related industries.

The imposition of tariffs has significant impacts on international trade. Appropriate tariffs can protect domestic industries and promote trade balance, but excessively high tariffs may lead to trade barriers and hinder the development of international trade. Therefore, when formulating tariff policies, countries need to weigh various factors to achieve the goal of promoting economic development.