什么是科斯革命？

中文段落：

科斯革命，又称科斯定理，是现代产权理论的一次重大突破。科斯革命的核心思想是，当存在外部性（一个经济行为对他人产生的影响）时，不一定需要政府直接干预来纠正市场失灵，而是可以通过产权的界定和交易来解决。科斯认为，只要产权明确，且交易成本为零或很低，市场参与者就能通过协商和交易来有效地解决外部性问题，从而达到资源的优化配置。

科斯革命打破了传统经济学中政府必须干预市场以纠正外部性的观念。传统观点认为，当存在负外部性（如污染）时，政府应该通过征税、管制等手段来减少这种影响。然而，科斯指出，这样的干预可能并不是最有效的解决方式。他提出，如果产权界定清晰，并且交易成本不高，那么市场参与者可以通过自愿的交易来消除外部性，从而实现资源的有效配置。

科斯革命的深远影响在于它强调了产权的重要性，并挑战了政府干预市场的必要性。它提醒我们，在解决外部性问题时，应该更多地考虑市场自身的力量和机制，而不是过度依赖政府的干预。科斯革命为我们提供了一个全新的视角，让我们重新审视市场和政府在资源配置中的角色。

英文段落：

The Coase Revolution, also known as the Coase Theorem, represents a significant breakthrough in modern property rights theory. At its core, the Coase Revolution suggests that in the presence of externalities (the impact of one economic action on others), direct government intervention to correct market failures is not always necessary. Instead, the issue can be resolved through the definition and trading of property rights. Coase argues that as long as property rights are clearly defined, and transaction costs are zero or very low, market participants can effectively address externalities through negotiation and trading, leading to an optimal allocation of resources.

The Coase Revolution shattered the traditional economic belief that government intervention is necessary to correct externalities in the market. The conventional view holds that in the case of negative externalities, such as pollution, the government should reduce their impact through taxation, regulation, and other means. However, Coase pointed out that such intervention may not be the most effective solution. He proposed that if property rights are clearly defined and transaction costs are not high, market participants can eliminate externalities through voluntary trading, thus achieving an efficient allocation of resources.

The profound impact of the Coase Revolution lies in its emphasis on the importance of property rights and its challenge to the necessity of government intervention in the market. It reminds us that when addressing externalities, we should consider more about the strength and mechanism of the market itself, rather than overly relying on government intervention. The Coase Revolution provides us with a new perspective, allowing us to re-examine the roles of markets and governments in resource allocation.