好英语网关于苏丹武装冲突，你应该知道的
Chaos engulfed Sudan on Saturday as forces led by two rival generals engaged in ferocious battles for the capital, Khartoum, and other parts of the country, with both sides fighting for control of the presidential palace, the main airport and other key sites.
周六，苏丹陷入混乱，两名敌对将军率领的部队为夺取首都喀土穆和该国其他地区展开激烈战斗，双方争夺总统府、主要机场和其他重要地点的控制权。
The eruption of violence dashed hopes that military leaders would cede power to a democratic government led by civilians. It comes four years after Sudan seized the world’s attention when protests toppled the country’s authoritarian leader, President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, offering hope to similar movements in Africa and the Arab world.
暴力事件使得军方领导人将权力移交给文职民主政府这一希望破灭。四年前，苏丹抗议活动推翻了该国专制领导人奥马尔·哈桑·巴希尔总统，引发了全世界的关注，为非洲和阿拉伯世界的类似运动带来希望。
苏丹恩图曼的硝烟。周六，苏丹两个敌对军事派系在首都喀土穆和全国各地爆发战斗。
Why Sudan is important.
为什么苏丹很重要。
Africa’s third-largest country by area, Sudan, with more than 45 million people, sits at a strategic spot just south of Egypt in Africa’s northeast.
苏丹是非洲面积第三大的国家，人口超过4500万，是位于非洲东北部和埃及南部的战略要地。
In recent years, Sudan, a member of the Arab League, has become a flashpoint in a battle for influence between Russia and Western powers, particularly the United States.
苏丹是阿拉伯国家联盟成员国，近年来，该国已成为俄罗斯与西方大国——尤其是美国——争夺影响力的导火索。
The private Russian military company Wagner has sent operatives to Sudan to prop up the military government, and also runs a major gold mining concession there. The Kremlin has pressed Sudan for permission to allow Russian warships to dock at ports on the country’s Red Sea coastline.
俄罗斯私人军事服务公司瓦格纳曾派遣特工前往苏丹支持军政府，并在那里经营一个重要的金矿开采特许权。克里姆林宫已向苏丹施压，要求其允许俄罗斯军舰停靠该国红海沿岸的港口。
Expressing alarm at the fighting, the U.S. secretary of state, Antony J. Blinken, said on Twitter Saturday that he was “deeply concerned” by the violence in Sudan and urged both sides to “immediately” cease hostilities and avoid further escalations.
美国国务卿安东尼·布林肯周六在Twitter上对战事表示震惊，他对苏丹的暴力事件“深表关切”，并敦促双方“立即”停止敌对行动，避免进一步升级。
The mayhem was a major blow to American, United Nations, African Union, Arab League and other foreign officials who had been scrambling this past week to head off the possibility of just such clashes. American officials had been pressing Sudan’s military to put the country back on the path to democracy, 18 months after generals seized power in a coup.
苏丹的混乱严重打击了在过去一周一直在努力阻止此类冲突的各方，包括美国、联合国、非洲联盟、阿拉伯联盟和其他外国官员。18个月前，将军们通过政变夺权，此后美国官员一直在敦促苏丹军方让该国重回民主之路。
Who is Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Sudan’s military chief?
苏丹军事首领阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布尔汉是谁？
Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan is a powerful military commander who has for years been a de facto leader of Sudan. He leads one of the two main rival factions now battling for control of the country.
阿卜杜勒·法塔赫·布尔汉将军是一位强大的军事指挥官，多年来一直是苏丹的实际领导人。他领导着目前争夺该国控制权的两个主要敌对派系之一。
Little known before 2019, General al-Burhan rose to power in the tumultuous aftermath of the military-led coup that ousted Mr. al-Bashir, the authoritarian leader who was deposed after popular uprisings consumed the country that year.
2019年，民众起义席卷苏丹后，专制领导人巴希尔被罢免，在军方领导的政变推翻巴希尔后，此前鲜为人知的布尔汉在动荡的余波中上台执政。
Then the inspector general of the armed forces, Mr. al-Burhan had also served as a regional army commander in Darfur, in western Sudan, when 300,000 people were killed and millions of others displaced in fighting from 2003 to 2008 that drew worldwide condemnation for its humanitarian toll.
布尔汉在当时是武装部队总督察长。他曾在2003年至2008年的达尔富尔战争中担任地区军队指挥官，那场战争中有30万人丧生，数百万人流离失所，这场人道主义灾难引起了全世界的谴责。
General al-Burhan had been closely aligned with Mr. al-Bashir. But when Mr. al-Bashir was ousted, his defense minister, Lt. Gen. Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf, took over control of the country, pushing protesters to successfully demand his resignation. General al-Burhan replaced him, becoming the most powerful leader of the country in a tenuous transitional period. While Western governments hoped Sudan would move toward democracy, General al-Burhan instead went on to progressively tighten his grip.
布尔汉与巴希尔关系密切。但巴希尔被赶下台时，他的国防部长阿瓦德·穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·本·奥夫中将接管了该国，推动抗议者成功要求他辞职。布尔汉取代了他，成为该国脆弱的过渡时期最有权势的领导人。虽然西方政府希望苏丹走向民主，但布尔汉反而继续逐步收紧控制。
After civilians and the military signed a power-sharing agreement in 2019, General al-Burhan became the chairman of the Sovereignty Council, a body created to oversee the country’s transition to democratic rule. But as the date for the handover of control to civilians got closer in late 2021, General al-Burhan proved reluctant to hand over power. On Oct. 25, 2021, he carried out the coup that ousted the civilian government and its prime minister.
在文职官员和军方于2019年签署权力分享协议后，布尔汉成为“主权委员会”的主席，该机构的成立是为了监督该国向民主统治的过渡。但在2021年底，随着控制权移交文职政府的日期越来越近，事实表明，布尔汉不愿移交权力。2021年10月25日，他发动了推翻文职政府和总理的政变。
Who is Mohamed Hamdan?
穆罕默德·哈姆丹是谁？
General al-Burhan is battling for control of Sudan with Lt. Gen. Mohamed Hamdan, who leads the country’s Rapid Support Forces, a powerful paramilitary group.
布尔汉正在与穆罕默德·哈姆丹中将争夺苏丹的控制权，后者领导着该国强大的准军事组织“快速支援部队”。
Of humble origins, General Hamdan, widely known as Hemeti, rose to prominence as a commander of the notorious janjaweed militias responsible for the worst atrocities of the conflict in Darfur. His success in crushing the revolt there earned him the favor of Mr. al-Bashir, who in 2013 appointed as head of the newly created Rapid Support Forces.
哈姆丹将军通常被称为“哈米迪”，他出身卑微，作为金戈威德民兵组织的指挥官而声名鹊起，这一臭名昭著的组织对达尔富尔冲突中最严重的暴行负有责任。他成功镇压了达尔富尔的叛乱，赢得了巴希尔的赏识，巴希尔于2013年被任命为新成立的快速支援部队的负责人。
In October 2021, General al-Burhan and General Hamdan united to seize power in a coup, making them effectively the leader and deputy leader of Sudan. But in recent months, they have publicly fallen out, clashing in public and quietly deploying extra troops and equipment to military camps in Khartoum and across the country.
2021年10月，布尔汉和哈姆丹联合通过政变夺权，成为苏丹的实际领导人和副领导人。但最近几个月，他们公开反目，在公开场合发生冲突，并悄悄向喀土穆和全国各地的军营部署额外的部队和装备。
American and other foreign officials had been leading efforts to persuade the two generals to transfer power to a civilian-led government. Instead, they are now clashing violently.
美国和其他外国官员一直带头努力说服这两位将军将权力移交给文职官员领导的政府。然而双方目前正在激烈冲突。
General Hamdan has blamed General al-Burhan for the violence now engulfing Sudan.
哈姆丹将席卷苏丹的暴力事件归咎于布尔汉。
“We are sorry to be fighting our countrymen, but this criminal is the one who forced us to do it,” he told Al Jazeera in an interview.
“与同胞对战让我们感到很遗憾，但这个罪犯迫使我们不得不这样做，”他在接受半岛电视台采访时说。