【中文版】

什么是国债？

国债是指国家为了筹集财政资金而发行的一种政府债券。国债是由国家发行的债券，它代表着国家的信用和债务，是国民经济发展的重要资金来源之一。

国债的种类很多，根据期限、利率、发行方式等因素可以分为不同的类型。按期限可以分为短期国债、中期国债和长期国债；按利率可以分为固定利率国债和浮动利率国债；按发行方式可以分为公募国债和定向国债。

国债的发行和偿还由政府负责，政府会根据市场情况和经济形势来确定发行数量和利率。在购买国债时，投资者可以获得固定的利息收益，同时也可以在国债到期时获得本金。

国债对于国家经济的发展具有重要的作用。首先，国债可以为国家筹集资金，用于基础设施建设、公共事业发展等方面；其次，国债可以调节货币供应量，促进经济发展；最后，国债还可以为投资者提供一种相对稳定的投资渠道。

总之，国债是国家为了筹集财政资金而发行的一种政府债券，它具有重要的作用和意义。

【英文版】

What is national debt?

National debt refers to the government bonds issued by the state in order to raise fiscal funds. National debt is a debt representing the credit and obligation of the state, and is an important source of funding for the development of the national economy.

There are many types of national debt, which can be divided into different categories according to the maturity, interest rate, and issue mode. According to the maturity, it can be divided into short-term national debt, medium-term national debt, and long-term national debt; according to the interest rate, it can be divided into fixed-rate national debt and floating-rate national debt; according to the issue mode, it can be divided into public issue national debt and directional issue national debt.

The issuance and repayment of national debt are the responsibility of the government, which will determine the amount and interest rate according to market conditions and economic situation. When purchasing national debt, investors can obtain fixed interest income, as well as principal at the time of expiration of the bond.

National debt plays an important role in the development of the national economy. Firstly, national debt can raise funds for national construction, public undertakings, etc.; secondly, it can adjust money supply and promote economic development; finally, it can provide investors with a relatively stable investment channel.

In summary, national debt is a kind of government bond issued by the state in order to raise fiscal funds, which has important functions and meanings.