科斯革命是什么？

中文段落：

科斯革命，又称科斯定理，是现代经济学领域里一次重要的理论创新。科斯革命的核心思想是，在完全竞争的市场环境下，外部性（即一个经济主体的行为对另一个经济主体产生的影响）并不会导致资源的错误配置，因为市场参与者可以通过交易来纠正这种影响。换句话说，科斯认为，只要交易成本为零，无论初始的产权如何分配，市场都能达到资源的最优配置。

科斯革命的这一观点挑战了传统经济学中外部性必然导致市场失灵的观点。传统观点认为，当存在外部性时，市场参与者无法完全考虑到他们行为对其他人的影响，从而导致资源配置的低效。然而，科斯认为，通过适当的产权安排和交易，市场参与者可以内化外部性，实现资源的有效配置。

科斯革命的深远影响在于它重新定义了我们对市场和产权的理解。它告诉我们，市场不仅是资源配置的工具，也是解决外部性问题的有效机制。同时，科斯革命也强调了产权的重要性，认为清晰的产权界定和有效的产权交易是市场有效运行的关键。

英文段落：

The Coase Revolution, also known as the Coase Theorem, is a significant theoretical innovation in the field of modern economics. At its core, the Coase Revolution suggests that in a perfectly competitive market environment, externalities (i.e., the impact of one economic agent's actions on another) do not lead to misallocations of resources because market participants can correct such impacts through transactions. In other words, Coase argues that as long as transaction costs are zero, the market can achieve optimal resource allocation regardless of the initial distribution of property rights.

This viewpoint challenges the traditional economic notion that externalities inevitably lead to market failure. The traditional view holds that when externalities exist, market participants cannot fully consider the impact of their actions on others, resulting in inefficient resource allocation. However, Coase believes that through appropriate property right arrangements and transactions, market participants can internalize externalities and achieve efficient resource allocation.

The profound impact of the Coase Revolution lies in its redefined understanding of markets and property rights. It teaches us that markets are not just tools for resource allocation but also effective mechanisms for addressing externality issues. Simultaneously, the Coase Revolution emphasizes the importance of clear property rights definitions and effective property rights transactions as crucial for the efficient operation of markets.