中文：

股票做空是指投资者预期某只股票的价格会下跌，从而借助市场下跌赚取盈利的一种操作方式。做空操作与做多操作相反，做空的投资者会借入股票并立即卖出，等到市场价格下跌到预期水平时再买回来，从而赚取差价。

做空操作的原理是利用股票价格下跌的波动性，通过卖出股票的方式获取现金。在市场价格下跌时，做空者可以以更低的价格买入股票，并将其归还给借款方，赚取差价。然而，如果股票价格上涨而非下跌，做空者将面临损失。

做空操作的风险较高，因为如果市场走势与投资者预期相反，将会遭受损失。此外，做空操作也需要具备一定的资金实力和风险管理能力。对于初学者而言，建议在进行做空操作前充分了解市场情况和相关风险。

英文：

Stock shorting refers to an investor's expectation that the price of a particular stock will drop, and profiting from the market decline by borrowing and selling the stock immediately. The shorting investor buys back the stock at a lower price when the market price reaches the expected level, profiting from the price difference.

The principle of shorting is to take advantage of the volatility of stock prices, selling stocks to obtain cash. In market downturns, short sellers can buy the stock at lower prices and return them to the lender, profiting from the price difference. However, if the stock price rises instead of falling, short sellers will face losses.

Shorting is a high-risk operation because if the market trend is contrary to investors' expectations, losses will be incurred. In addition, shorting requires a certain level of financial strength and risk management ability. For beginners, it is recommended to fully understand market conditions and related risks before engaging in shorting.